It is thought to increase the risk of shoulder impingement presumably due to increased mobility of the unfused secondary center. Course. The lungs are the functional units of respiration and are key to survival.They contain 1500 miles of airways, 300-500 million alveoli and have a combined surface area of 70 square meters (half a tennis court). Elbow ossification occurs at the six elbow ossification centers in a reproducible order. An equally important artery is the facial artery, which supplies the muscles of facial expression. It follows the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve and gives off spinal, medial, and lateral musculocutaneous branches. Innervation. Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. Gross anatomy. The main artery in the shoulder is the axillary artery.This artery begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib, acromioclavicular joint erosion; acromioclavicular joint injury. An equally important artery is the facial artery, which supplies the muscles of facial expression. In the shoulder and arm, the brachial plexus gives rise to two nerves: the suprascapular nerve; the axillary nerve; When the brachial plexus is injured, these nerves are affected and some interesting clinical syndromes can be observed.. Arteries and veins. Pericardial fluid can pool in these recesses and can be categorized by whether they arise from the transverse sinus, the oblique sinus, or the pericardial cavity proper 3:. It begins in the root of the neck, passes through the axilla, and runs through the entire upper extremity. Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.. A bovine arch is apparent in ~15% (range 8-25%) of the population and is more common in individuals of African descent. Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.. A bovine arch is apparent in ~15% (range 8-25%) of the population and is more common in individuals of African descent. There are three branches of the external carotid artery involved: Superficial temporal supplies the frontal and temporal regions Posterior auricular supplies the area superiorly and posteriorly to the auricle. Coronary arterial dominance is defined by the vessel which gives rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA), which supplies the myocardium of the inferior third of the interventricular septum.. The most important one in this list is the maxillary artery, the largest terminal branch of the external carotid supplying the deep structures of the face. Instead of being the first branch (with the right common carotid as the brachiocephalic artery), it arises on its own as the fourth branch, distal to the left subclavian artery.It then hooks back to reach the right side with its relationship to the esophagus variable 3:. Epidemiology. acromioclavicular joint erosion; acromioclavicular joint injury. Arterial Supply. Course. 3A: prevascular - anterior to the great vessels (superior vena cava on the right, left common carotid artery on the left), posterior to the sternum; 3P: retrotracheal - posterior to the trachea; Station 4 (left/right): lower paratracheal nodes. Negative ulnar variance describes a state where the ulna is abnormally shortened (by more than 2.5 mm) compared to the radius and plays an important role in wrist pathology.. From the medial cord, the ulnar nerve passes distally through the axilla, medial to the axillary artery.It descends on the medial aspect of the arm, medial to the brachial artery and the biceps brachii muscle.In the mid-portion of the arm, the nerve pierces the medial intermuscular septum to enter the posterior compartment. After a sharply horizontal egress from the aorta, the proximal segment of the right coronary artery courses superiorly and rightward, posterior to the pulmonary trunk and underneath the right The sacral plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and sacral spinal nerves (S1 - S4).. The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. Rockwood classification; Allman and Tossy classification The first is the dorsal (posterior) branch which emerges close to the origin of the parent artery. The most important one in this list is the maxillary artery, the largest terminal branch of the external carotid supplying the deep structures of the face. Gross anatomy. Classification. By way of its branches, the thoracoacromial artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia to supply regions of the upper limb and trunk for which they are named.. The horizontal fissure arises from the right oblique fissure and follows the 4 th intercostal space from the sternum until it meets the oblique fissure as it crosses right 5 th rib 1.. The order of appearances of the elbow ossification centers is highly reliable and in most individuals, is The pericardial recesses are small spaces in the pericardial cavity formed by reflections of the pericardium.. acromioclavicular joint erosion; acromioclavicular joint injury. Rockwood classification; Allman and Tossy classification The mediastinum contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs: heart and great ; The anterior interosseus nerve,which supplies the flexor pollicis longus and radial part of flexor digitorum profundus.. Some of the more common accessory fissure include 1:. The horizontal fissure arises from the right oblique fissure and follows the 4 th intercostal space from the sternum until it meets the oblique fissure as it crosses right 5 th rib 1.. axillary pouch: laxity between anterior and posterior bands; most important of the three GHLs as it prevents dislocation at the extreme range of motion and is the main stabilizer of the abducted shoulder 1,4; Spiral glenohumeral ligament. Epidemiology. acromioclavicular joint erosion; acromioclavicular joint injury. Instead of being the first branch (with the right common carotid as the brachiocephalic artery), it arises on its own as the fourth branch, distal to the left subclavian artery.It then hooks back to reach the right side with its relationship to the esophagus variable 3:. The Journal of Emergency Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed publication featuring original contributions of interest to both the academic and practicing emergency physician.JEM, published monthly, contains research papers and clinical studies as well as articles focusing on the training of emergency physicians and on the practice of emergency It arises from the external carotid artery at the level of the hyoid bone. Most hearts (80-85%) are right dominant where the PDA is supplied by the right coronary artery (RCA).The remaining 15-20% of hearts are roughly equally divided It follows the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve and gives off spinal, medial, and lateral musculocutaneous branches. in 1986 Ulnar variance (also known as Hulten variance) refers to the relative lengths of the distal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna and is primarily a plain radiographic determination.. Ulnar variance may be: neutral (both the ulnar and radial articular surfaces at the same level) positive (ulna projects more distally); negative (ulna projects more proximally) There is a significant association between negative ulnar variance and Kienbck disease, although the majority of people with negative ulnar variance do not have this condition. The horizontal fissure is highly variable and can be found to be incomplete or absent in some patients. After a sharply horizontal egress from the aorta, the proximal segment of the right coronary artery courses superiorly and rightward, posterior to the pulmonary trunk and underneath the right Pericardial fluid can pool in these recesses and can be categorized by whether they arise from the transverse sinus, the oblique sinus, or the pericardial cavity proper 3:. This initial division is into secondary or lobar bronchi, but subsequent divisions give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi and bronchioles until the smallest bronchioles connect to the innumerable alveoli.. Each segment axillary, suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves 2,6; Variant anatomy. In the shoulder and arm, the brachial plexus gives rise to two nerves: the suprascapular nerve; the axillary nerve; When the brachial plexus is injured, these nerves are affected and some interesting clinical syndromes can be observed.. Arteries and veins. The second part of the axillary artery gives rise to two vessels. also referred to as fasciculus obliquus 5 Most hearts (80-85%) are right dominant where the PDA is supplied by the right coronary artery (RCA).The remaining 15-20% of hearts are roughly equally divided acromioclavicular joint configuration; os acromiale; Related pathology. Gross anatomy. 3A: prevascular - anterior to the great vessels (superior vena cava on the right, left common carotid artery on the left), posterior to the sternum; 3P: retrotracheal - posterior to the trachea; Station 4 (left/right): lower paratracheal nodes. They are usually asymptomatic. The right coronary artery arises from its ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva, found between the aortic valve annulus and the sinotubular junction.. This artery provides arterial supply for muscles of the upper back and shoulder including the trapezius muscle, levator scapulae muscle and rhomboid muscles. There are six ossification centers of the elbow that appear and develop in a relatively reproducible fashion, and are key to assessment of the pediatric elbow radiograph.Timing of their appearance varies in the literature but an approximation is given below. The thoracoacromial (acromiothoracic) artery is a primary trunk that gives rise to four other arteries. Pericardial fat pads are normal structures that lie in the cardiophrenic angle.They are adipose tissues surrounding the heart composed of the epicardial fat, which lies between the myocardium and visceral pericardium, and paracardial fat, which is adherent and external to the parietal pericardium. Gross anatomy. Rockwood classification; Allman and Tossy classification Rockwood classification; Allman and Tossy classification The pericardial recesses are small spaces in the pericardial cavity formed by reflections of the pericardium.. Key facts about the neurovasculature of the upper limb; Arteries: Shoulder: axillary artery and six branches (Superior thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral thoracic, Anterior circumflex humeral, Posterior circumflex humeral, Subscapular arteries) Mnemonic: 'Save The Lions And Protect Species' Arm: brachial artery and four branches (profunda brachii artery, nutrient artery Gross anatomy. Variant anatomy. Gross anatomy. Arterial supply is via anastomotic (medial, lateral and posterior) arcades formed by branches of the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries 7 which contribute to the arterial anastomosis of the elbow. Some of the more common accessory fissure include 1:. The elbow is the region between the arm and the forearm that surrounds the elbow joint. It lies in the midline of the chest between the pleura of each lung and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column.. Variant anatomy. Instead of being the first branch (with the right common carotid as the brachiocephalic artery), it arises on its own as the fourth branch, distal to the left subclavian artery.It then hooks back to reach the right side with its relationship to the esophagus variable 3:. It arises from the external carotid artery at the level of the hyoid bone. acromioclavicular joint configuration; os acromiale; Related pathology. A useful mnemonic to remember the order of development is CRITOL or CRITOE (see video Appearance Order. This classification was initially proposed by Bigliani et al. A useful mnemonic to remember the order of development is CRITOL or CRITOE (see video A related variant, also known as truncus bicaroticus, is the origin The Journal of Emergency Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed publication featuring original contributions of interest to both the academic and practicing emergency physician.JEM, published monthly, contains research papers and clinical studies as well as articles focusing on the training of emergency physicians and on the practice of emergency Key facts about the neurovasculature of the upper limb; Arteries: Shoulder: axillary artery and six branches (Superior thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral thoracic, Anterior circumflex humeral, Posterior circumflex humeral, Subscapular arteries) Mnemonic: 'Save The Lions And Protect Species' Arm: brachial artery and four branches (profunda brachii artery, nutrient artery This initial division is into secondary or lobar bronchi, but subsequent divisions give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi and bronchioles until the smallest bronchioles connect to the innumerable alveoli.. Each segment Some of the more common accessory fissure include 1:. A related variant, also known as truncus bicaroticus, is the origin By way of its branches, the thoracoacromial artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia to supply regions of the upper limb and trunk for which they are named.. axillary, suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves 2,6; Variant anatomy. left (4L) and right (4R) are divided along the left lateral border of the trachea, not the midline; 4R: Os acromiale is relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population 1,2 and can be bilateral in 60% of individuals 5.. Clinical presentation. Accessory fissures of the lung usually occur at the borders of bronchopulmonary segments.They are common normal variants but are less commonly seen on imaging. This branch runs on the interosseous membrane with the anterior The Journal of Emergency Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed publication featuring original contributions of interest to both the academic and practicing emergency physician.JEM, published monthly, contains research papers and clinical studies as well as articles focusing on the training of emergency physicians and on the practice of emergency Gross anatomy. The mediastinum contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs: heart and great The plexus gives off numerous branches including the anterior, posterior branches and one terminal branch). The scalp receives a rich arterial supply via the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid). There are three branches of the external carotid artery involved: Superficial temporal supplies the frontal and temporal regions Posterior auricular supplies the area superiorly and posteriorly to the auricle. Gross anatomy. The thoracoacromial (acromiothoracic) artery is a primary trunk that gives rise to four other arteries. Arterial supply is via anastomotic (medial, lateral and posterior) arcades formed by branches of the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries 7 which contribute to the arterial anastomosis of the elbow. The superior thyroid artery has several branches which include The second part of the axillary artery gives rise to two vessels. The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of the external carotid artery. Variant anatomy. Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.. A bovine arch is apparent in ~15% (range 8-25%) of the population and is more common in individuals of African descent. Gross anatomy Origin. A useful mnemonic to remember the order of development is CRITOL or CRITOE (see video Dive into this study unit to learn all about the major arteries of the head. aortic recesses: arise from the transverse sinus Pathology Course. Gross anatomy. This branch runs on the interosseous membrane with the anterior The mediastinum is a space in the thorax that contains a group of organs, vessels, nerves, lymphatics and their surrounding connective tissue. After a sharply horizontal egress from the aorta, the proximal segment of the right coronary artery courses superiorly and rightward, posterior to the pulmonary trunk and underneath the right Rockwood classification; Allman and Tossy classification It descends from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery along the lateral border of the thyrohyoid muscle towards the apex of the thyroid gland.. 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